Global governance institutions, from the International...

Global governance institutions, from the International Monetary Fund to the World Trade Organization, are little loved. They are often perceived as bastions of sclerotic mediocrity at best and outright corruption at worst. In the wake of the 2008 financial crash, Daniel W. Drezner, like so many others, observed the smoking ruins of the global economy and wondered the extent to which global governance institutions have affected the post-recession, international system. In The System Worked, Drezner contends that despite the massive scale and reverberations of this latest crisis (larger, as he argues, than those that precipitated the Great Depression), the global economy has bounced back remarkably well. Examining the major resuscitation†¦show more content†¦Conceptually, Denzer appears to conflate the phases of violence, discrediting the belief that violence transpires through stages. In a Denzerian world, the international system is bifurcated between violence and nonviolence. In his assessment of financial resilience through public sentiments, Denzer’s overinvestment in evidence that measures peace through actual violence versus potential violence discredits various disputes that have escalated diplomatically, but have yet to turn violent. Denzer supposes that all liberalizing change must involve varying degrees of violence, ipso facto breaching a threshold of peace. Denzer profoundly overlooks the generally peaceful regime change s in Egypt and Tunisia, which, like so many others, were predominantly led by civil disobedience, civil resistance, and online activism, rarely intensifying into violent demonstrations. Denzer’s assessment also misses cold or still conflicts, whose underlying causes and historic underpinnings have surfaced amid the ever-competitive, protectionist nature following Great Recession. Take for example China and Japan’s diplomatic clash over the contested Senkaku Islands. For four decades, Chinese and Japanese grievances have been reshaped in light of new regional expectations and financial conditions. In Japan’s case, theShow MoreRelatedThe World Trade Organization Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe key multilateral economic institutions provide financial support though grants and loans as a way to enable economic and social development to occur in developing countries. The three main institutions i will be talking about include the World Bank, International Monetar y Fund and the World Trade Organisation. These organisations provide loans, grants and practical assistance to governments, in addition to loaning money to assist private businesses within developing countries. They also playRead More Role of IMF and World Bank Essay example1433 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction The world’s major international financial institutions represent paradoxical ideals in their quest to satisfy the needs of both developed and developing nations. These institutions are chartered with helping poor nations but are criticized for their neo-colonial policies. Member nations are all considered equal, but contributions make some more equal than others. Mostly, these organizations are managed by rich nations that usurp the autonomy of developing nations in the pursuitRead MoreThe Global Political Economy : A Washington Consensus A New Paradigm For Development1354 Words   |  6 PagesPOLS2220 – The Global Political Economy Research Essay, Due: 13th October 2014 Is the Post – Washington Consensus a new Paradigm for Development? Explain your reasoning. Quote (40) If there is a consensus today about which strategies are most likely to promote the development of the poorest countries in the world, it is this: there is no consensus except that the Washington Consensus did not provide the answer. 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After posing a huge effect on the U.S economy, the financial crisis expanded to Europe and the rest of the world. It brought governments down, ruined economies, crumble financial corporations and impoverish individual lives. For example, the financial crisis has resultedRead MoreGlobalization and Its Discontents1109 Words   |  5 Pages Chapter 1: The Promise of Global Institutions International Organizations – powerful institutions today A. International Bureaucrats – the â€Å"faceless symbols of the world economic order† are under attack B. Protests of Int’l Org Meetings – continual flashpoints/conflict 1. WTO – Seattle, 1999 protest 2. Annual IMF/World Bank protests 3. Protests not new in developing world, ARE new in developed world 4. Now, with communicationsRead MoreInternational Institutions And The United Nations1508 Words   |  7 PagesINTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS The world witnessed the rise in Economy of several countries. As a result of which people became and rich and economically prosper. The International Organizations like the United Nations and its subordinate bodies exercised greater control over the World. The International bodies are responsible for the maintenance of World peace and to address several other issues which are affecting the countries. The brief description of the International bodies is as under; †¢ The UnitedRead MoreThe International Bodies Of The United Nations1434 Words   |  6 PagesChapter III – International bodies The world witnessed the rise in Economy of several countries. As a result of which people became and rich and economically prosper. The International Organizations like the United Nations and its subordinate bodies exercised greater control over the World. The International bodies are responsible for the maintenance of World peace and to address several other issues which are affecting the countries. 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Introduction Financial derivatives have existed in some form for hundreds of years, the oldest example involves a greek philosopher and the production of olive oil. With the widespread use of these instruments governments across the world have developed regulations and laws to control derivative

The Fiscal Monetary Policy Of Australia - 1566 Words

The post-GFC expansionary monetary policy of Australia Background The global financial crisis (GFC) is begun with the collapse of Lehman Brothers in Sep. 2008, when a loss of confidence in stock investors of the value of sub-prime mortgages caused a liquidity crisis, resulting the global central banks injecting a large amount of capital into the financial markets and consumers confidence hit the bottom, according to McKibbin, W.J. (2009, p.1). The second phase of GFC stepped after the US bank crisis has evolved into the euro crisis, which thought to be the will of US leading troubles. Europe had its own internal unbalances that proved just as significant as those in US. Southern Europe racked up huge current-account deficits in the first decade while countries in the north ran offsetting surpluses. The imbalances were financed by credit flows from the euro-zone core to the overheated real estate markets of countries like PIIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain). The euro crisis is also a continuation of financial crisis by other means, as market ignoring the weaknesses of government debts overwhelmed its GDP. The result is that the GFC has seen the largest and sharpest drop in global economic activity nowadays. In 2009, the most major developed economies are in a deep recession. The fallout for global trade, both for volumes and types were dramatic. The OECD predicts world trade volumes will shrink by 13 percent from 2008 to 2009. Governments have responded withShow MoreRelatedDiscuss The Best Option For Australia And Will Justify The Rationale1706 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The use of both monetary and fiscal policies has been specifically aimed at reducing inflation and implementing policies for sustained economic growth. This paper will present a discussion on the definitions of each policy while examining their role in economy. 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This essay will argue that government’s policies is inefficient to overcomeRead MoreThe Main Objectives Of Monetary Policy843 Words   |  4 PagesThe main objectives of Monetary Policy (RBA, 2016) are: †¢ stability of the currency of Australia; †¢ the maintenance of full employment in Australia; †¢ and the economic prosperity and welfare of the people of Australia. To satisfy these objectives, the bank and the federal government together decided in October 2013, that the inflation target is to be kept within an average of 2-3% (RBA, 2016). The Reserve Bank of Australia seeks to and can in effect, control/influence inflation by monitoring theRead MoreRelationship Between Macro Environment And The Demand For Dairy Product1342 Words   |  6 Pageseconomy of China is slowing down. Q3: what will likely be the Chinese economic policy response (fiscal and/or monetary policy) and how do you expect this will affect the short term outlook for the Chinese economy and the demand for dairy products? Given the recent economic performance, China may pursue a proactive fiscal policy in order to prevent a recession of the economy. Currently the government is implementing the policy of transferring the traditional way of economic growth, from manufacturingRead MoreThe Growth Of The Australian Economy1546 Words   |  7 PagesIn the last three years, the Australian economic performance is dominated by economic downturns. Recently, Australia facing two crucial issues in their economy, those are increasing budget deficit and houses affordability. In the long term, those two issues can deteriorates the economy. By increasing budget deficit, it affect to a decrease in living standard because the future generation need to pay more tax for paying the debt. As the housing prices goes higher and significantly overvalued, theRead MoreEconomic And Political Risks Of Algeria1577 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipation in Algerian companies (Benahmed-Daho, Bouteldja, Bendob, 2015). Australia is a country with very low levels of economic, political and financial system risk. The Australian economy has experienced over 20 years of nonstop economic expansion, which includes the global financial crisis. Australia’s strong economic position before the global economic slowdown and the aggressive monetary and fiscal policies implemented throughout helped to make the slowdown relatively mild for the countryRead MoreEssay on Australian Economic Issues1421 Words   |  6 Pagesannual progress. These measures are necessary so that policy decisions can be implemented accordingly. Fiscal policy may only be implemented once per year in the annual budget while monetary policy may be conducted 12 times per year (RBA meetings occurring once per month). Therefore, fiscal policy is used to influence annual growth/the business cycle while monetary policy is used to influence quarterly growth. Recent Trends Australia has experienced stable, sustained growth compared to bothRead MoreIncome and wealth Inequality in Australia Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesInequality is present in every economy, but to what extent are income and wealth in Australia unequal and what government polices contravene income and wealth inequality? Income is defined as money that an individual or business receives in exchange for providing a good or service or through investing capital, while wealth is a measure of the value of all of the assets of worth owned by a person, community, company or country. Income and wealth inequality refers to the degree to which income is

Analysis Of The Treatment Of Claiming Deductions †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of The Treatment Of Claiming Deductions. Answer: Introduction This report is based on the analysis of the treatment of claiming deductions with respect to interest and expenses under rental property. Through this report an attempt has been made to correctly identify the cause of the issue that was stated in the case study and therefore analyzing every aspects of the issue to suggest the best possible solution to the problem. As this case deals with the issue which is related to allowable deductions with respect to interest and expense of rental property. Therefore, an extended approach has been made to explain and describe the basics of assessable incomes, the deduction that are considered as allowable deduction and also those are linked with rental property and on the basis of such analysis appropriate recommendation has been suggested. Issue After studying the case study, it can be observed that the issue is such that a client of the firm has filed a tax return. Besides this, the client had recently purchased a rental property and in that tax return the firm has claimed for deduction relating to the rental property which he has recently acquired. However, afterward it was found that the client has returned the tax return without signing the same stating that an error was made at the time of making a claim with respect to deduction for interest and expenses regarding the first four months of the ownership of that rental property (Gurran and Phibbs 2015). This was so because the client believes that, as during that period the client was not drawing any income from that property, thus as per matching principle he cannot claim any deduction for the same. Hence, here the issue arises and the primary objective of the report is to analyze the issue and make the client understood the appropriate procedures for making the tax ret urn and address the same properly as per tax laws prevailing in the country. Assessable Income As per Section 4-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, it is required that each and every individual or business or company or any other entity who is deriving an income from any source and such income is assessable and subject to payment of tax shall pay the income tax by filing income tax return each year. In addition to this section 4-15 of the ITAA 1997, also explains the complete process of how to work out ones income that is taxable. In that very section, it is stated that taxable income shall be computed after subtracting the total deductions from the assessable income (Easthope 2014). Assessable income can be referred to that income which is subject to payment of tax and which exceeds an individuals tax-free income limit. According to the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, the assessable income has been further divided into two categories. One is the ordinary income under assessable income and the other is the statutory income. Section 6-5 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 define ordinary income as such income that has been drawn by the assesse in an ordinary concept (Baum and Crosby 2014). In other words, the income derived by any Australian resident, whether directly or indirectly from every sources that might be from Australia or may be outside in a particular financial year is known as ordinary income. Similarly, the definition of statutory income is set out under section 6-10 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. It states that there are certain income that cannot be termed as ordinary income but still they are included in an individuals assessable income. Such incomes are termed as statutory income (Duffy et al. 2017). In case if any such income that an individual might have received which is neither an ordinary income nor a statutory income then such income cannot form a part of that individuals assessable income. This means that the individual will not require paying tax on such income. Allowable deductions Section 8-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 discuss about the general deductions that are allowed to be claimed while filing tax return (Hulse and Burke 2016). According to this section, it is found that one can subtract any loss to an extent of the amount: The loss is involved in the process of gaining an assessable income, or The loss is certainly involved for generating any assessable income through a business. Nevertheless, the deduction cannot be claimed for a loss under this section to an extent where: The loss is of capital nature or the loss is regarding capital loss itself, or The loss is related to private purpose, or The loss is related to any provision of this act and which prevents the individual from subtracting the same, or The loss has incurred while generating income which is exempted from an individuals assessable income or which is an individuals non-assessable income (Nicholls 2014). Thus from the above points it can be understood that any such loss or expense which an individual can deduct under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 can be termed as general deduction or allowable deduction. Deductions related to rental property In Australia, when an individual rent out any property and therefore the income which he receives from that property in full amount along with other associated payments is called rental or rent-related income of that individual. There are certain circumstances under which an individual can claim for expenses that has incurred with respect to the rental property income. However, it is not possible for an individual to claim any deduction for such expenses incurred on rental property that is used for capital purpose or for private purpose (Edmonds et al. 2015). The rental expenses have been categorized into three parts or types: The expenses on which one cannot claim any deduction; The expenses that is related to the current financial year and on which one can claim immediate deduction; The expenses on which one can claim deduction over more than one year. The later part of the report briefly elaborates every deduction. The Expenses on which no deductions are allowed: There are certain expenses on which no deduction is permitted to an individual, it includes the following: Cost of the property related to disposal and acquisition Those expenses which the assesse have not incurred over the rental property such as electricity charges paid by the tenant. Payments that are not linked to the rental property Outgoings incurred by the assesse as travelling expenses with respect to the property prior acquisition (Almy 2014). However one can claim deduction on certain expenditures incurred prior acquisition of the property such expenses includes interest on loan expenses, land rates and emergency services levy on the purchased land, expenses associated with rates of sewerage and water, local council, etc. Expenses on which immediate deduction is allowed: The expenditures incurred by the assesse and on which immediate deduction is allowed includes: Expenses incurred for the purpose of advertisement related to tenants Expenses related to bank charges Expenses related to fees and other charges of corporate bodies Clearing expenses Expenses related to insurance such as building, public liabilities, contents, etc. Expenses related to interest on loan Expenses related to preparation, registration and stamp duty charges for lease documents Expenses related to in-house audio and video services. Expenses related to mortgage charges Pest control charges Commission and fees related paid to the property agents Expenditures that are spent for the purpose of attending any seminar that is related to the improvement of performances of a presently income generating property Fees and charges of a quality surveyor. Expenses related to security patrol fees/ charges Cost of servicing, stationary and postage, telephone calls, tax related expenses. However all the above expenses are allowable as deduction provided that the expenses have been originally incurred or spent by the assesse himself and not by the tenant. Treatment of interest expenses related to rental property The taxation Ruling 95/25 deals with the deduction of interest under section 8-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. The Para 2 of the TR 95/25 deals with the general principle governing the deduction of interest. The Para 2 says that interest expenses can only be allowed as deduction if the taxpayer is producing assessable income and the expenses is not of the capital nature (Warren 2016). In addition to this if the expenses related to interest is incurred for carrying business operation and not private purpose then the expenses can be allowed as deduction. The Para 3 of the TR 95/25 states that in the case of FC of T V Robert and FCT V Smith the general principles that are relevant for the deduction of interest are discussed (Kangave et al. 2016). The general principles that have been derived from the cases for the deduction of interest are: The interest expenses should have sufficient connection with the gaining of assessable income. The objective or the purpose of borrowed fund is analyzed to determine whether the interest expenses should be allowed as deduction. There should be relevant connection between the income producing activity and the interest expenses. It is important that interest expenses should be capable of being traced back to the interest income (Daley and Coates 2015). If the borrowed fund is only used for preserving the assets then only for this reason the interest expenses cannot be deducted. The interest expenses related to borrowed fund will be continued to be deducted even if the fund is ceased to be used for producing the assessable income. The interest expenses that is incurred for purchasing the rental property can be claimed as deduction. However, it is essential that the property should be rented or the property should be available for rent in the income year in which the deduction related to interest expenses is claimed (Harding 2013). That means if the property is used for the private purpose then the interest expenses cannot be claimed as deduction from the time the property is started to be used for the private purpose. The property that is rented or available for rent can claim deduction for interest on loan if the loan is used for purchasing the depreciable assets, renovation or repair. In addition to this the interest expenses for the loan that have been taken for purchasing the land will be allowed as deduction from the time the loan is taken out (Ingles 2015). The Taxation Ruling 2004/4 deals with the deduction of interest expenses prior to the commencement of income earning activity. The Para 6 states that borrowing is deducted after analyzing the purpose of the borrowing (Gurran et al. 2015). The Paras 8 of the TR 2004/4 clearly provides that interest expenses cannot be treated as capital expenses as it is a recurring expense. The Para 9 provides that interest incurred prior to the producing of assessable income will be allowed as deduction if: The interest expenses is not early to be regarded as a part of the preliminary activity; The period of outgoing interest prior to the earning of assessable income is not too long; The interest income is incurred only for the purpose of producing assessable income and the effort is continuously made for full filling that end; Thus from the above analysis it can be concluded that the expenses incurred by the assesse on interest on loan for the rental property is allowed as deduction as per Taxation Rulings 2004/4. As it is evident from the above paragraph which clarifies that Para 9 of the Taxation Rulings provide that interest expenses incurred before the rental property has started generation income will be allowed as deductible if the same is not regarded as a part of preliminary activity. Moreover, it is also mentioned under the deductions related Rental Property as laid down by the ATO that the interest on loan expenses paid by the assesse will be considered as deductible income for that current financial period. Hence, it is thus established and proved through this report that the expenses which the client has incurred with respect to interest on loan paid against the rented property for the first four months when the property was not generating any income will be allowed as deduction. Conclusion After studying this report, it can be concluded that according to the taxation ruling and legislations laid out by the Australian Taxation Office in the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, the expenses related to interest on loan will be allowed as deductible expenses even if the property does not generate any income as well. After studying this report one can gain considerable knowledge regarding assessable income, expenses which are subject to deduction, taxation rulings and ITAA 1997 with respect to allowable deduction, etc. which have immensely assisted in coming to an appropriate solution and suggestion. References Almy, R., 2014. Valuation and Assessment of Immovable Property.OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism, (19), p.0_1. Baum, A.E. and Crosby, N., 2014.Property investment appraisal. John Wiley Sons. Daley, J. and Coates, B., 2015.Property taxes. Grattan Institute. Duffy, D., Kelleher, C. and Hughes, A., 2017. Landlord attitudes to the private rented sector in Ireland: survey results.Housing Studies,32(6), pp.778-792. Easthope, H., 2014. Making a rental property home.Housing Studies,29(5), pp.579-596. Edmonds, M., Holle, C. and Hartanti, W., 2015. Alternative assets insights: Super funds-tax impediments to going global.Taxation in Australia,49(7), p.413. Gurran, N. and Phibbs, P., 2015. Are governments really interested in fixing the housing problem? Policy capture and busy work in Australia.Housing Studies,30(5), pp.711-729. Gurran, N., Phibbs, P., Yates, J., Gilbert, C., Whitehead, C., Norris, M., McClure, K., Berry, M., Maginn, P. and Goodman, R., 2015. Housing markets, economic productivity, and risk: international evidence and policy implications for AustraliaVolume 1: Outcomes of an Investigative Panel.Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, Melbourne. Harding, M., 2013. Taxation of dividend, interest, and capital gain income. Hulse, K. and Burke, T., 2016. Private rental housing in Australia: Political inertia and market change.Housing in 21st-century Australia: People, practices and policies, pp.139-152. Ingles, D., 2015. Should capital income be taxed? And if so, how?.Browser Download This Paper. Kangave, J., Nakato, S., Waiswa, R. and Zzimbe, P.L., 2016. Boosting Revenue Collection through Taxing High Net Worth Individuals: The Case of Uganda. Nicholls, S., 2014. Perpetuating the problem: neoliberalism, commonwealth public policy and housing affordability in Australia.Australian Journal of Social Issues,49(3), pp.329-347. Warren, N., 2016. e?filing and compliance risk: evidence from Australian personal income tax deductions.

Women in Saudi Arabia as Compared to the Role of Women during Hammurabi Period

Throughout centuries, women in Saudi Arabia have a limited access to political and social life in the country. In January 2013 CNN article called Small Step forward for Saudi women, but Will It Affect their Daily Lives?, the author Mohammed Jamjoom discusses the new political reforms that have touched on the new opportunities for women to enter the Shura Council. This is the unprecedented case when women received a wider access to membership rights to observe the rules that other male participants possess.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Saudi Arabia as Compared to the Role of Women during Hammurabi Period specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the official news, the council that consists of 150 members will also include about 20 % women who will take part in consultations with High Council of Scholars (Mohammed 1). Thus, the women that were accepted for the Council Membership must follow the Shar ia Law (Jamjoom 1). Although female scholars have received membership rights, they will still be segregated from the male community, having separate doors. Despite the restriction imposed on women, the decree can be regarded as a step forward for women in Saudi Arabia, contributing to significant changes in terms of women employment and rights. As compared to the current position of women in Saudi Arabia, whose rights are severely restricted by men, women during Hammurabi period were entitled with equal rights with men. According to the Hammurabi Code, although women had been endowed with equally rights, foreign mistresses could not be restricted or enslaved (Johns n. p.). Therefore, they have similar rights and could participate in all activities in which men were engaged in. According to the Babylonian law, both women and men can interact directly with each other. Besides, women from foreign countries were regarded as equal members of society so that gender issues were not priorit ized while considering human rights and freedoms (Johns n. p.). Hence, the Code provided men and women with equal marital obligations so that husband was not allowed to take a concubine. Therefore, women were not limited in rights in terms of marriage, property rights, and heritage. In addition, adultery also had bad consequences for men and women. Unlike modern women in Saudi Arabia, the Code of Hammurabi does not mention any details about the right of Babylonian women to take part in political and scientific activities. Hence, the supremacy of the divine raw that was worshiped by man also suppressed women’s freedom.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, although the modern society does not practice slavery, the restrictions imposed on women in terms education, politics, and scientific activities, made them be closely related to Babylonian period (Johns n. p). Therefore, it could be concluded that the metropolis was male dominated in terms of authority whereas female role was confined to that of a wife and mother. In conclusion, the article under analysis explores the current state of affairs in Saudi Arabia, as well as the rights and responsibilities of women. Although the access to Shura Council has been expanded, the ratio of women is still much lower than that of men. Besides, women are separated from males while making decisions and making scientific explorations. In comparison with Hammurabi period, modern women are more bound to men. During the Babylonian era, women were endowed with equal rights in terms of marriage and property rights. Their freedom and status was highly respected; nevertheless, no mentioning about women’s education is presented in the Hammurabi Code. This essay on Women in Saudi Arabia as Compared to the Role of Women during Hammurabi Period was written and submitted by user Antonio Gonzales to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Strategic Warehouse Management

Strategic Warehouse Management Introduction The Southern Boston Massachusetts area proposed for the construction of the warehouse is suitable because of the small number of warehouses that are available in comparison to the available demand. The proposed area holds a lot of potential because the supply chain management and warehouse business has not been well exploited.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Warehouse Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research studies indicate that the existing supply chain management systems and available warehouses are not very efficient in their work which has led to the loss of clients for some of the businesses that do business with these supply chain businesses (Stuart, 2011). The area holds a lot of potential for being a source of high income. Research materials on studies that had been conducted in the area showed that some of the existing warehouses had poor delivery times for their clients which made them gain a bad reputation with the consumers. The disadvantage for the consumers is that some of these warehouses are the only sources of the bulk commodities that their customers need to run their businesses therefore. Another potential weakness of existing warehouses that the company can take advantage of is that some of the warehouses in the identified region sometimes run out of the stock that consumers need. If the deliveries to clients could also be made on time, the clients would gain the necessary confidence in the Strategic warehouse management Inc. Company. Before delivery, the staff at the Strategic Warehouse Management Inc. Company that would be set up could first determine the most efficient routes to use to deliver goods to clients. Consideration of minor aspects such as traffic, would result in the saving of time and satisfaction of the customers’ needs. The Strategic Warehouse Management Inc. Company would also form the necessary relationships with the lowest priced producers to ensure that clients get the products they need at lower or similar prices in relation to other Warehousing and supply chain management system businesses in the area (Stuart, 2011). The inefficiency of competitors would result in an economic advantage for the company in terms of high number of clients due to the efficient and convenient services provided by the company especially in comparison to other similar businesses (Mentzer, 2011).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Strategic Warehouse Management Inc Company would strive towards the proficient delivery of the services that clients are in need of. The efficient delivery of services would result in the building of a good name and reputation for the company which would spread to other consumers resulting in growth and development of business. The company could ensure that every c onsumer in the market is aware of the services handled in an efficient manner leading to saving of time and more convenience as needed Tompkins Smith, 1998). The Southern Boston area has good facilities in terms of banks and higher institutions of learning. The close proximity to banks would ensure that transactions could be processed fast to avoid any incidences of delay which might lead to loss of business and impact negatively on the profit margin. The internationally ranked higher institutions of learning would contribute to the highly trained staff that would be needed in the running of the company. Southern Boston also has a wide variety of businesses which would serve as a base for the potential clientele needed by Strategic Warehouse Management Inc. Company (Stuart, 2011). A supply chain Assessment Supply chain is a very important and fast developing field. The field encompasses the activities involved in manufacturing, purchasing of needed products, transportation and dist ribution of this products to where they are needed, at the right condition and at the right time. Supply chain management is integrated with warehousing because the handling of material often includes the storage of these materials before proper logistics can be planned and finalized on (Gattorna, 1998). Supply chain management is a very essential part in the delivery of products to the final consumer since it forms an important link between the manufacturer and the end consumer and all the individuals and processes that are in between such as; transfer and management of necessary data needed in the exchange process, transportation of raw products and processed goods out of factories, storage of the products before they can distributed, controlling of the inventory in the warehouse systems, procuring and managing of the whole supply process (Alexander, 2002). The supply chain management process has also expanded to include demand and supply forecasting and planning, scheduling of op erations, processing of orders and ensuring that customers are served cost efficiently at effective processes for involved firms in the supply chain (Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky Simchi, Levi, 2004). Another importance of Supply chain management systems is that, it results in cost efficiency for firms and ensures that firms remain competitive especially when they are benchmarked with competing organizations. Proper supply chain management allows an organization to be competitive and ensure that goods are supplied to customers at or before the specified time by customers.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Warehouse Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Effective supply management systems ensure that proper planning of the routes to be taken have been designed, modal analysis performed, preparation of the loading systems completed and the necessary distribution plans designed and the best ones chosen to ensur e fast delivery of goods to consumers(Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky Simchi, Levi, 2004). For most businesses, the key to ensuring that they attract and retain their customers is the fast delivery of ordered goods to consumers. If the goods are not available when needed by clients, the business risks losing existing and potential clients. Therefore all businesses should ensure effective supply management so as to remain competitive in comparison to other businesses and in order to maintain or even exceed set profit margins. Supply chain management has the intent of increasing incomes, reducing incurred costs, ensuring that the assets in an organization are effectively made us of and customers’ needs are met (Stuart, 2011). A warehouse operations plan on how to build and manage the warehousing operations Running of a ware house is not an easy and it requires a lot of planning and dedication to execute the necessary operations to the warehouse in order to serve clients cost effectively while increasing revenue and ensuring that customers’ needs are met. A warehouse operations plan should include the human resource planning for the warehouse, layout plan for the space of storage for materials to handled, proper installation and availability of handling equipment and up to date warehouse management systems (Alexander Communications, 2002). The proper documentation needed in order to be legally permitted to build up a warehouse should be sourced from the necessary authorities so that the work to put up a warehouse can begin. It would be highly preferred to work with individuals that have already worked in the construction of a warehouse because they would be at a better position to understand the concepts used in the construction of a warehouse. The services of an efficient project manager should be acquired to ensure that construction of the warehouse takes place within a given time line that the plan of having the warehouse running is not stalled (Mentzer, 2001).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Depending on the funds that are available, the building would be expected to take a period of about six months to one year. After the warehouse building has been completed, the warehouse management should start sourcing for the right human resources for the warehouse. One of the most important resources in a warehouse is the human resource which the organization should ensure are highly skilled in their areas of expertise. The right number of employees should be sourced. Too many employees would be an unnecessary expense to the company while a low number of employees would result in poor outcomes such as poor customer service because they would be overworked and not perform their duties effectively. The different expected duties of employees should be divided into different categories to enable proper recruiting of needed personnel (Tompkins Smith, 1998). Receiving of orders, storage and picking of orders are different function as that should be allocated to different people especi ally because of the different documentation processes that are required for effective and smooth running of the warehouse. Within the major roles of receiving, storage and dispatch of commodities in the warehouse, are the smaller roles such as inspection of the commodities to ensure that they are in good shape when received and before delivery to clients, controlling of the available stock and ordering of more when the available stock is about to get finished, packing and loading of the commodities stored in the warehouse (Lambert, 2008). The layout section of the warehouse should also be planned for. Warehouse activities such as receiving and loading of the stored commodities, development of actual spaces needed for the warehouse activities and the estimation of the necessary space for receiving and loading should be accounted for. Depending on the type of commodities to be stored, shelves should be installed to ensure efficient and maximum utilization of available space. After mak ing a layout plan, it should be reconciled with available space and revisions of available space made where necessary. For example storage space could be reduced if it is found that the available loading space is insufficient (Tompkins Smith, 1998). Concluding recommendation using supporting rationale derived from the above mentioned items I would recommend that Strategic Warehouse Management Inc. Company begins its sets up of â€Å"super warehouses† in Southern Boston stemming from the results of the research that had been carried out on the area that indicated that there is a gap in efficient warehouse and supply chain management which would result in raking in of high profit margins for the company. The establishment of warehouses in Southern Boston would also serve as a marketing tool for the Strategic Warehouse Management Inc. Company due to the efficient services that the company would offer thus earn a good name for itself. Proper supply management is important for mo st companies to ensure that they remain competitive when they are benchmarked with other organizations in the same industry. That is why efficient supply chain management is a very important toll in ensuring that an organization gets to, and stays at the top. Nowadays, supply chain management includes; procurement, purchasing, information management systems, storage, storage management, logistics and distribution. Organizations are able to take advantage and maximize on proper supply chain management, can be able to maximize on profits since clients would be aware of the reliability and speed that such a company delivers commodities to clients. Establishment of warehouses would include building of warehouses by the company. The building of the warehouses should be allocated to a construction company with a proven track record of delivery of services to clients. The warehouses that would be constructed would be staffed with highly trained personnel to ensure customer satisfaction and efficient record keeping and management of the warehouses. The lay out plans for the warehouses would be made very efficiently to ensure that all the available space would be utilized to the maximum. Proper arrangement of the warehouse can increase space for storage and convenience for loading and offloading of the goods to and from the warehouse respectively. Any necessary installation of equipment would be made to ensure that the storage is increased and convenient for the types of goods to be stored in the different warehouses. Strategic Warehouse Management Inc. would maximize on the expertise that it holds in warehouse management and strategically place itself as a market leader that offers delivery of commodities in a convenient, cost effective and timely manner in comparison to other companies offering similar services (Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky Simchi- Levi, 2004). References Alexander, C. (2002). Warehouse Management Control New York, NY: Alexander Communications Inc. Gattor na, J. (1998). Strategic Supply Chain Alignment. England: Gower Publishing Ltd. Lambert, D.L. (2008). Supply Chain Management. Florida: Hartley Press. Mentzer, T.J. (2001). Supply Chain Management. California, CA: Sage Publications. Simchi-Levi, D., Kaminsky, P. Simchi, Levi, E. (2004). Managing the Supply Chain: The Definitive Guide for the Business. Ohio: Cengage. Stuart, E. (2011). Excellence in Warehouse Management. Massachusetts: Wiley. Tompkins, J.A. Smith, D.J. (1998). Warehouse Management Handbook. New York, NY: Rosen.

Creating Your College Wish List

Creating Your College Wish List Figuring out where to apply to college is exciting, but it can be a major challenge. After all, there are over 3,000 four-year colleges in the United States, and each school has its own unique strengths and defining features. Fortunately, you can rather easily narrow down your search to a much more manageable number of colleges with the help of our series, Creating Your College Wish List. Youll find a variety of articles, sorted in easy-to-follow sections  that will guide you in the college selection process. Whether youre doing a national or regional search, whether you care most about engineering or the beach, or the most selective and prestigious colleges in the country, youll find articles here that feature top schools that speak to your interests. Every college applicant has different criteria for selecting schools, and the categories featured here capture some of the most common selection factors. The articles are organized to focus first on  topics that will be relevant to all college applicants, and later sections are more specialized. Read below to learn which sections will be most relevant to your own college search.   Tips for Narrowing Down Your College List   The first step in coming up with your college wish list is to figure out what type of school you want to attend.  Understanding Different Kinds of Colleges  begins with an article that discusses 15 factors to consider when choosing a school. Along with the quality of the academics, you should consider a schools student / faculty ratio, financial aid resources, research opportunities, graduation rates, and more. Its also important to figure out if youll flourish at a small college or a large university. If youre a solid A student with strong SAT or ACT scores, be sure to look through the articles in the second section, The Most Selective Colleges.  Youll find a detailed list of the countrys most selective colleges and universities  as well as lists of the colleges that tend to top the national rankings. Whether youre looking for a top public university or one of the best liberal arts colleges, youll find information on a range of impressive schools.   Selectivity, of course, doesnt tell the whole story when choosing a college. Under  Best Schools by Major or Interest,  youll find articles  focused  on particular interests whether they be academic or co-curricular. Are you looking for a top engineering school? Or perhaps you want a college with a strong equestrian program. This third section can help guide your college search. Other colleges have a Distinct Student Body that might appeal to you. In the fourth section, youll find articles featuring schools with specialized missions including the top womens colleges and top historically black colleges and universities. The great majority of college students attend a school thats within a days drive from home. If youre restricting your search to a particular geographic region, youll find guidance in Best Colleges by Region.  Whether you want to learn about the top New England colleges or best schools on the West Coast, youll find an article identifying the top schools in your chosen area. If youre not a straight A student or your SAT or ACT scores are sub-par, dont worry. In  Great Schools for Mere Mortals,  youll find top colleges for B students and a list of test-optional colleges that dont consider standardized test scores when making admissions decisions. A Final Word on Creating Your College List Keep in mind that words like top and best are highly subjective, and the best school for your particular strengths, interests, goals, and personality may very well be a college that isnt at the top of the national rankings. Once youre found the colleges that match your selection criteria, make sure your list includes a realistic mix of match, reach, and safety schools. Many of the schools featured here are highly selective, and plenty of students with strong grades and standardized test scores get rejected.   You should always shoot for the top, but make sure you have a contingency plan. You dont want to find yourself in the spring of senior year with no acceptance letters.

Airport Pasta-Sauce Interdiction Considered Harmful by Bruce Schneider Essay

Airport Pasta-Sauce Interdiction Considered Harmful by Bruce Schneider - Essay Example Ad Misericordiam is the fallacy he committed, which means appeal to emotion. How did he do this? His argument is based on how people feel whenever something of theirs is being confiscated by airport screeners, calling the act a nuisance and exemplifying the feeling of annoyance all throughout the editorial—even stating that the act of confiscation only â€Å"hurts innocent people† and is â€Å"a waste of time.† I believe that this is the wrong way for him to have argued against the confiscation of certain classes of objects, like his bottle of pasta, as even though he put invalid points, it still seemed like he was just mainly ranting about his experience, which left him infuriated. Also, it seems that he attacked the effectivity of the airport screeners based solely on the pasta sauce incidence, in which Schneider was certainly not trying to smuggle anything on board the plane that will or can be used for terrorist activities. Because they made a mistake this time and it caused Schneider to become irritated, he wanted to let everyone else feel whatever he felt—hoping that they will agree with him. Hence, he manipulated the readers’ emotions as a way of putting forth his argument for a more efficient airport screening process that will only identify and confiscate those that poses real harm However, what does pose real harm? This is my main point in arguing against Schneider. Colognes, hand sanitizers and other forms of liquid may be used to form a bomb. First, they may just be disguised as one of these common items and then later when they are on board the plane, terrorists can assemble bombs that can cause the lives of many. Furthermore, anything can be hidden in a bottle of pasta sauce, for instance. Very small parts that make up a bomb that can blow up the entire plane can be disguised in there. Do airport screeners have the time to look thoroughly inside? Moreover, will the pasta sauce still be of any use once they are done sifting  through it?  

A Short Insight Into The Life Of Some Of The Major Aztec Cities Essay - 2

A Short Insight Into The Life Of Some Of The Major Aztec Cities - Essay Example Texcoco was located east of the Lake Texcoco and was proud of its shared name with the lake. It had played a great part in history and the people were proud of their ancestry. Five provinces to the east of the river were under the rule of Texcoco by the start of 15th century and the lands it ruled over went as far as their enemies’ borders in the Highlands. It had flourishing markets, grand temples, and the people living there were educated. But upon attack from Tepanecs, Texcocan enemies, people of Tenochtitlan did not help them to defend them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tlacopan was joined with the Aztecs and Texcocans in to form the Triple Alliance in 1428. Founded originally by Tepanecs who arrived in the Valley of Mexico early in the 13th century, Tlacopan was not a very big city and only received one-fifth of the compliments received by the Triple Alliance. Tlacopan was seized over in 1521. When the Aztecs first arrived in the Valley of Mexico in 1300 A.D., it was nothing but a marshy island near Lake Texcoco. Out of that marshy island, the Aztecs gave rise to a magnificent city, which stood for centuries and whose temples and buildings were a sight to behold.

Dystopian Fiction Essay Example for Free

Dystopian Fiction Essay Dystopian fiction is a world where everything is misery and is under strict order by the government and the people have no control and rights in the world they live in. The general reason why authors write dystopian fiction based books is to have criticism on society today or give warnings on the possibility of what could happen to our world and the devastating effects that can happen if we were to have a dystopian world. 1984 is set in a totalitarian society and this book gives us a message that too much government is a bad thing people should be able to have the right and should not be influenced under a totalitarian society. Harrison Bergeron is set in a world where everyone is equal and are handicapped to make sure everyone is equal and nobody can be different the book makes criticism of social engineering allowing stupidity. The calorie man is set in New Orleans and a smuggler Lalji as he tries to bring back fertility in crops and stop genetic manufacturing of food sources and crop and stop the business making the profit. All of these book of us strong warnings of the possibility’s that our world could sir come to, if we don’t treat things with serious care the some mistakes made in the past could be made in the future, and that the world should not be shaped to only be benefited by a single man or company This book is all a totalitarian society. The author of the book is George Orwell, published in 1949, which back then made this books time zone was about the future. This is a story were the world is all controlled by 1 party. This party sets a lot of demands that the society has to follow day by day or they will be punished. The whole society is being watched through electrical devises, whom some are not aware of where they are located. In this story, there is a guy named Winston who is a part of the party whom is making all the rules and restriction for the society to follow. All of a sudden Winston does not want to be a part of the party and starts to give warning to people that there is too much government control and starts to warn people about the danger of living in a totalitarian society. The warnings from this story talk about how the government in the real world are in control of all of us and the fear is that one day they will take privilege of the power and start to make strict restriction just like how the party did in the book. In the book Harrison Bergeron tells a completely different version to 1984 instead of a world of a totalitarianism society it  is in a world where they make everyone equal and compared to the normal world where if you are different to the normal way we live you are silenced, but everyone is given handicaps in order to be equal. His parents one who is handicapped because of his intelligence are watching and he is on TV trying to inspire a revolution against handicapping the gifted, he is then latter shot on TV but his parents are to handicapped to of noticed what had happened. Anyone who has. This has warnings of socials engineering, society being dumbed down in order to be equal and warning about being difference being seen as a bad thing. The calorie man is set in the future were resources have dried up and scientist a genetically making food in the New Orleans, The author Paolo Bicigalupi and warns us of the effects that can happen of corporations having control over food sources and genetic engineering and the corporate control This book offers us warnings against failing to act on climate change, the risk of corporations dominating public life, and the risks of using genetic engineering to solve food problems, the possibility of terminator seeds becoming a reality. That could happen, He wants to give us a warning of intrusting too much to science and not doing anything to save and fix the environmental issues we face today. Story is about Lalji a smuggler who agrees to take a job ferrying a geneticist out of the calorie company’s lands and bringing him to New Orleans. It’s discovered that he has the ability to reintroduce fertility into crops again to break the control of the calorie companies. The purpose of dystopian fiction is to give us warnings and tell us the possibility’s to what could happen under a totalitarian society and it tells us that we should have our own rights and everybody should be equal, The point of 1984 was to tell us the consequences of what happens in a dystopian world and under totalitarian society and government.

Colonialism and Morality in The Moonstone and The Man Who Would Be King

Colonialism and Morality in The Moonstone and The Man Who Would Be King Let us presuppose to begin with that the cursed jewel is an impossibility and the powers of the Moonstone or any other gem for that matter only exist on an atomic level ( i.e. the energies which bind such objects together and make them what they are). Additionally it should be considered that no such object is the means by which a being exerts powers and no such object consciously exerts powers itself. Notions of the cursed or powerful jewel can be seen as a bi-product of what Said terms â€Å"Orientalism.† Said describes â€Å"The Orient† as â€Å"almost a European invention,† a place of â€Å"exotic beings and remarkable experiences.† (Ashcroft et al ed. p.87) This hypothesis adequately compliments Wilkie Collins’ characterisation of the eponymous jewel in The Moonstone and the moral pattern the author forms around its adventures. In the Nineteenth Century the jewel was the ultimate exotic object, Collins describes the Moonstone as â€Å"a yellow diamond- a famous gem in the native annals of India,† (Collins p.33) and clearly credits influence to the Koh-i-Noor in his preface to the novel. Collins builds upon the alien nature of such an object utilising the perceived mysticism of the Orient linking the jewel to a â€Å"four handed Indian God† (Collins p.33) [Said’s â€Å"exotic being† ?] and superstition, the notion of the jewel â€Å"feeling the influence of the deity who adorned it† (Collins p.33) [â€Å"remarkable experiences† to Said?]. Collins rapidly develops the exotic object into the cursed object primarily to create a long involving tale with a successfully satisfying denouement. the novel is, of course foremost a detective story; how memorable or lengthy a tale would it have been if the... ...---------------------------------------------- Controlling of persons. Tolerated Peachy Carnahan (book). (Pseudo-looting in Imperialism. name of the crown?) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Innocent appreciation Good Imperialism. Franklin Blake, Rachel Verrinder, Mr of native culture. Murthwaite, Narrator of The Man Who Would Be King (Kipling?) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bibliography Collins, Wilkie The Moonstone London: Penguin 1966 Kipling, Rudyard The Man Who Would Be King and Other Stories London: Granada 1975 The Post-Colonial Studies Reader e. Ashcroft, Griffith, Tiffin, London: Routledge 1995 The Man Who Would Be King dir. John Huston 1975

Exegesis of Isaiah 7:14-16

History of the Old Testament Exegesis of Isaiah 7:14-16 Historical Context of Isaiah 7:14-16 The book of Isaiah is a vast collection of many works by both Isaiah and other anonymous writers. Although the entire book is dated from the post-exilic period, different sections of the book were written at various times. In fact, the organization of the book isn’t ordered chronologically, but rather by combining separate literary works and booklets (Hastings 424).According to Robert Alter and Frank Kemode of Harvard University Press, the book of Isaiah is broken down into three general sections: Isaiah (or Proto-Isaiah), Deutero-Isaiah and Trito-Isaiah. (Alter 165). Editor and biblical scholar James Hastings noted, â€Å"the book of Isaiah is the result of a long and complex literary history† (425). Since the book was not all written at the same time or by a single author, each sentence seems to come with it’s own fascinating history, with varying contexts lying between each line.Beginning with Proto-Isaiah, chapters 1-39 are thought to have been greatly written by Isaiah, while consisting of â€Å"oracles and eschatology† (Alter 165). Beginning the early period of Isaiah’s ministry at 3:1-15, Isaiah describes the â€Å"social integration of Jerusalem† (Hastings 426). Without divulging too greatly into the historical context of chapter 7 quite yet, Proto-Isaiah addresses the period of the collapse of the northern kingdom before the Assyrians.It reveals Yahweh’s coming judgment towards Assyria for its â€Å"pride and refusal to recognize that it is the instrument of Yahweh’s purpose,† while predicting the â€Å"overthrow of the Assyrian invader† (Hastings 426). Moving on to Deutero-Isaiah, the prophecies in chapters 40-55 are thought to have been composed by an anonymous prophet who lived among the Judean exiles during the time of Babylonian captivity (Alter 174). This prophet responds to the major e vents that had previously taken place. Having over exerted their power and resources, the Assyrian empire collapsed.Proceeding Assyrian’s weakening, the Babylonian empire took control (Alter 176). As Robert Alter states, â€Å"just as Jerusalem is the focus and personification of the whole Judean community, so the Babylonian capital represents the entire enemy nation† (176). Since Babylon is the enemy of the Judeans, much of Deutero-Isaiah speaks of freedom from the oppressing empire. Cyrus the Great, father of the Persian Empire, is portrayed as â€Å"destined by Yahweh to redeem Israel, and to execute judgment upon Babylon† (Hastings 197).Throughout the book, the author tries to give a renewed hope to the Hebrew exiles, while giving the glory of their prophesied redemption to Yahweh. Lastly, Trito-Isaiah is believed to be the product of the writings from a number of authors. From chapters 56-66, this last section of Isaiah is filled with poetry and narratives of the return of the exiled Jews. As predicted, Cyrus the Great defeated Babylon’s king, Nabonidus, and conquered Babylon. Upon Babylon’s surrender to Cyrus’ general, Gobyras, in October 539 B. C. , Cyrus the Great took charge.According to Cyrus, he entered the country with little opposition, claiming to have been â€Å"chosen by Marduk to be his restorer† (Hastings 197). Marduk was the god that Nabonidus had abandoned in order to focus his worship to Sin, the moon-god. In view of that, Cyrus makes it a point to bring the god back. Nonetheless, Cyrus is pictured as â€Å"the friend of Yahweh and Yahweh’s anointed† (Hastings 197). As the new ruler, Cyrus released the Jews from their bondage and gave them his consent to â€Å"return to Palestine and rebuild the Temple† (Hastings 197).The historical background of Trito-Isaiah established, the major themes of this portion of Isaiah include repentance, justice and the path of the righteous (Alter 182). Literary Context of Isaiah 7:14-16 Continuing from the historical background of Proto-Isaiah, Isaiah 7 describes Isaiah’s prophetic warnings to Ahaz, the king of Judah around 732 BC. Prior to Isaiah’s warnings, Israel and Aram tried to attack Judah, to no avail. Following the attack, at 7:3 God sends Isaiah to give a message to Ahaz to seek God or else lose God’s hand of protection.Unfortunately, Ahaz does not comply, and instead buys the help of the Assyrians and even sacrifices his own son to the gods in hopes of protecting Jerusalem (Buttrick 215). However, if Ahaz wanted David’s dynasty to remain, he had to be in obedience to God, as Isaiah 7:9 claims. To his detriment, Ahaz is not willing to engage in faith, a major component of the â€Å"historical emergence of prophecy† in those times (Buttrick 216). God even tells Ahaz to ask for whatever kind of sign that he wishes to prove God’s ability to deliver Judah, but Ahaz refu ses.Although the state of affairs was the same as the preceding verses, the passages 10 and 13 suggest a change in the time and audience. Verse 13 uses the plural when Isaiah is relaying God’s message to Ahaz, implying that the discussion took place with an audience, rather than solely speaking to Ahaz. In verse 10, â€Å"again the Lord spoke to Ahaz† indicates a conversation that occurred at a later point in time (Strong 31). So it is possible that the events did not all occur with the same audience and at the same time.An interesting detail, at 7:13 Isaiah uses the phrase â€Å"my God† when speaking to Ahaz, referencing the fact that Ahaz no longer serves the Lord (Buttrick 218). Looking now to the verses immediately proceeding 7:14-16, God’s passion for His people is revealed. At 7:18-19, Alter writes, â€Å"Invading troops give way to swarms of horseflies and bumblebees that ‘shall come, and shall rest all of them in desolate valleys†¦Ã¢â‚ ¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (Alter 173). This verse reveals Isaiah’s use of poetry to describe prophecies. Also, Isaiah uses metaphors to describe Israel’s destruction by plagues and swords (Alter 173).Isaiah understands that God’s judgment is out of a desire to bring Israel to nothing, so that they would finally look to God. Isaiah portrays God’s ultimate desire for the country’s purification, not for the destruction of the people (Rice 366). At verses 21-22, God’s heart for Israel’s redemption is portrayed through the promise of an abundance of curds and honey (Rice 364). Interestingly, it’s thought that Isaiah may not have written verses 21-25, because the language is so common and plain, whereas Isaiah usually uses such poetic language.Scholars propose, â€Å"these passages represent a disciples recollection of his message rather than his own words† (Buttrick 222). Examples such as these continue to point to the thesis that Isaiah i s in fact the result of multiple authors. Commentary on Isaiah 7:14-16 Isaiah 7:14 â€Å"Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign. Behold, a young woman shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. † (RSV) This verse contains many important pieces that all require the context of the situation. George Buttrick makes an interesting comment in noting that â€Å"therefore normally introduces a threat† (218).Following God’s reproach towards Ahaz at 7:13, such a threat is to be expected. Here, Yahweh’s anger stems from Ahaz’ direct refusal of God’s wishes at 7:12. Since Ahaz doesn’t accept God’s offer of a sign for immediate deliverance, God gives Ahaz a sign by his own initiative. The sign, given at 7:14, is to come in the form of a maiden’s son, with the name Immanuel, meaning â€Å"God is with us† (Buttrick 218). The word for â€Å"sign† here is also the same word that is used for th e miraculous, and thus implies that God’s â€Å"saving presence† will come through the child, a symbol of hope (Buttrick 218).Although the maiden has often been referred to as a virgin throughout evangelical history, the original Hebrew text actually translates â€Å"young woman† (Alexander 112), or â€Å"young woman of marriageable age, possibly a virgin† (Buttrick 218). Also, the verse changes tenses, saying, â€Å"the young woman is with child and shall bear a son† (Alexander 112). This is significant because the actual woman who is to give birth may have been a woman whom was pregnant at the time, while the words may in fact be directed to a specific young lady.The answer remains unknown to this day. Isaiah 7:15 â€Å"He shall eat curds and honey when he knows how to refuse the evil and choose the good. † (RVS) In this verse, the curds and the honey refers to the most prized foods available to the â€Å"nomadic wanderers, but not the fo od of Ahaz’ court† (Buttrick 220). The child must be weaned before he is able to eat the curds and honey, and thus this portion refers to the period of the child’s beginning stages of development. The context in which these words are being prophesied is â€Å"one of judgment† (Rice 368).In light of this, many scholars believe that the child eating curds and honey means that the child â€Å"will experience want and adversity† so that he will be able to know and refrain from sin and decide to live righteously (Rice 368). It seems as though Isaiah is painting a picture for Ahaz of the way of the righteous, in response to Ahaz’ direct refusal of good and his choice towards evil at 7:12. To add to this point, verses 15 and 16 may have been reversed at some point in history, since 7:15 seems to have the same threatening theme as in 7:17 (Buttrick 220). Isaiah 7:16 For before the child knows how to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land befor e whose two kings you are in dread will be deserted. † (RVS) Verse 16 seems to flow as a continuation of the word of hope and deliverance as seen at 7:14. As discussed earlier in this exegesis, prophesies of the days of freedom are also seen at 7:21-22, with promises of abundance and joy. The fact that the child will know how to â€Å"refuse the evil and choose the good† (RVS, 7:16) implies that there is a right and a wrong that the child will learn how to distinguish between (Rice 368).Apart from the ethical decisions, 7:16 may also be referring to the number of years that it may take the child to learn his likes and dislikes, usually about three years (Buttrick 220). When the child is finally weaned, and is almost to the age in which he is beginning to make his own decisions, the enemies of Judah will be no more (Rice 368). As seen at 7:1, the two kings Rezin and Pekah were the enemies of Judah at that time. Therefore, the verse refers to the destruction of their powe r (Rice 368). Summary of Isaiah 7:14-16Overall, this entire passage directs its attention to the sign that Yahweh is to send to Ahaz. It goes into a poetic description of the path in which that sign, Immanuel, will come into this world and the decisions between right and wrong that he will face. Although he will face many trials, he will continue to choose good over evil. As a child, Immanuel is also a symbol of hope; adding to this, his name means â€Å"God is with us,† which shines a light on the deliverance of the exiles (Alexander 112). This last verse brings a revelation of the Hebrew deliverance from the enemies of Judah, the two kings Rezin and Pekah.Although addressing judgment and trials, the passage breathes in the promise of deliverance and exhales a spirit of hope for Judah. Bibliography Alexander, Neil M. â€Å"Isaiah 7:1-25. † The Sign of Immanuel. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2001. 110-113. Print. Vol. 6 of The New Interpreter’s Bible, Ed. Clifford E. Baldridge. 12. 1994-2001. Buttrick, George Arthur. â€Å"Isaiah. † Isaiah. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1956. 215-223. Print. Vol. 5 of The Interpreter’s Bible. Ed. Nolan B Harmon. 12 vols. 1952-1957. Hastings, James. â€Å"Isaiah. † Dictionary of the Bible. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1963. Isaiah. † The Literary Guide to the Bible. Ed. Robert Alter and Frank Kermode. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987. 165-183. Print. The Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha: Revised Standard Version. Ed. Herbert G. May and Bruce M. Metzger. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. Print. Rice, Gene. â€Å"The Interpretation Of Isaiah 7:15-17. † Journal Of Biblical Literature 96. 3 (1977): 363. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 May 2012. Strong, James. â€Å"Ahaz. † The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 1988. Print.

Identify and Evaluate Marketing Opportunities

STUDENT ASSESSMENT GUIDE Unit of competency name| Identify and evaluate marketing opportunities| Unit of competency number| BSBMKG501B| Unit Purpose On successful completion of this unit you should be able to actively seek out and assess marketing opportunities in terms of viability and suitability to the organisation. You should also be able to turn the assessed marketing opportunities into reality – by scoping the implementation process and getting buy in from management and other key stakeholders for your opportunity. Specifically, you will be able to:Identify marketing opportunities Investigate marketing opportunities Evaluate required changes to current operations Reporting of assessment outcomes Your result will be recorded and reported to you as Distinction or Credit or Competent or Not yet Competent. If you are doing this unit in a course which is graded (Pass, Credit or Distinction) and this is one of the units which contribute to the course grade, your result in this unit will be assigned a nominal mark which will be used to calculate your course grade. Requirements to successfully complete this unit of competency IntroductionAssessment is a process that will require you to provide evidence that you have achieved the knowledge and skills required in this unit of competency. Successful completion of this unit is based on the assessment of your demonstrated competence in a workplace or simulated workplace environment. How do you complete this unit? You can complete this unit by demonstrating competence. To do this you must provide evidence that you can: Prepare a written report which identifies, evaluates and ranks a number of Marketing Opportunities Prepare an opportunity scope document that clearly describes the proposed execution of the marketing opportunitySynthesise the scope, viability, risks and forecast outcomes of the proposed marketing opportunity into a persuasive presentation to gain â€Å"buy-in† for the marketing opportunity What evidence will you be asked to supply? You may be requested to: 1. Identify and Evaluate Marketing Opportunities and submit a Written Report Identify and evaluate marketing opportunities. Conduct a SWOT analysis and identify four (4) marketing opportunities. Evaluate each of the four identified opportunities using a range of metrics – for example financial measures; marketing measures; customer impact methods – and competitor response analysis.Rank the marketing opportunities and identify the key opportunity. (This marketing opportunity will be explored further in the next task) 2. Write a Scope Document and Plan the execution of a marketing opportunity This would include: establishing the marketing opportunity objective, analysing and assessing organizational preparedness; designing a marketing opportunity implementation schedule; establishing a financial analysis, projections and forecasted results for the marketing opportunity; designing suitable marketing contr ols; establish a clear understanding to the key isks involved in the marketing opportunity and the strategies for managing these risks 3. Provide a persuasive Marketing Opportunity Presentation Present your marketing opportunity. This would include synthesizing your marketing opportunity framework into communicable pieces, where you would impart objectives and expected outcomes; define the risks; clarify changes that will need to be made and communicate the viability of making changes to current operations. Your peers should act as â€Å"managers and key stakeholders† providing feedback on the presentation of your marketing opportunity.Your teacher will advise you of the specific assessment requirements for this unit. This is a graded unit. To receive a PASS grade you must: Identify several marketing opportunities using a SWOT analysis Analyse and then evaluate marketing opportunities using one marketing and one financial measure Prioritise marketing opportunities – ra nk marketing opportunities and identify key opportunities. Establish a clear understanding of the key risks involved in the marketing opportunity and the strategies for managing these risks.Scope and plan the execution of one marketing opportunity Prepare a good quality written report and scope document Present your marketing opportunity to your peers To receive a CREDIT grade you must: Meet all the criteria of a pass grade Identify marketing opportunities using a greater number of sources and areas of growth eg international growth Apply entrepreneurial and creative thinking frameworks to the identification of opportunities Use a more extensive number of evaluation methods – including finance, marketing, customer and risk method.Demonstrate advanced skills in prioritising the various opportunities. Demonstrate a clear understanding of the concept of risk and how it applies to the evaluation of opportunity Prepare a professional quality written report and scope document Provi de a professional quality presentation which demonstrates high level presentation techniques and is accompanied by visual/audio aids. Address audience questions and garner feedback from peers in regard to the presentation of the opportunity To receive a DISTINCTION grade you must: Meet all the criteria of a credit gradeDemonstrate an advanced ability to plan, organise and control market opportunity analysis, evaluation and scoping Produce clearly superior identification and evaluation of opportunities Draw on an immense number of sources and areas of growth to support market opportunity identification Clearly show an application of and understanding of entrepreneurial and creative thinking frameworks and how they should be applied to the identification of marketing opportunities Evaluate every opportunity using a range of methods – finance, marketing, customer and risk methods.Present reports of desk-top publishing quality with complete audio/visual support for presentation. Respond to peer feedback in a professional and detailed manner What you will need Your teacher will advise you of any resources, including text books, which you will require for this unit. More about assessment For information about assessment in TAFE please see â€Å"Every Student's Guide to Assessment in TAFE NSW† which is available on the TAFE internet site at: http://www. tafensw. edu. au/courses/about/assessment_guide. htm Additional details for local assessment arrangements

Analyzing the Marketing Environment Essays

Analyzing the Marketing Environment Essays Analyzing the Marketing Environment Paper Analyzing the Marketing Environment Paper The faster the device is or the larger the screen and ore compact it is the faster people buy them. With todays changes in technology, the sky is the limit. If it can be imagined it can be made. As the demand for more advanced high tech products hits the market, the demand grows even larger. Companies that manufacture such products have planned the next generation Of each new product to keep the demand for these gadgets by advertising newer and better features. Last years model may still be stored in a warehouse somewhere and this years model is being, advertised to hit the market in a matter of months. By saturating, the market with a particular reduce prompts the techno junkies to spend hundreds or thousands of dollars on that new model of cell phone computer or POD. Corporations depend on this so they promote sales to clear out warehouse to make room for the next big thing. In the auto world as the demand for smarter more technology advanced vehicles are, advertised the greater the demand is by the consumers. More people want the latest and greatest additions specifically young single people who work multiple jobs and need a vehicle that will give them 40 gallons to the mile or 500 hundred miles per tank. Young married couples are not to, be left out of the equation either. As we see advertised on n. the young couple with one or two children and a dog help to sell the idea that a specific model of car is what should, be driven to express the point that this car is what should be purchased because it is the right one to buy. In this advertisement, you have what every new married couple of wants a safe, good looking and economical vehicle. Auto companies market this idea to this group of people to sell a particular type car. By showing, the dashboard with the built in GAPS ND other safety features people go to the show rooms to see all of the new technology. Taking a test drive to realize what the gadgets can do helps to make the sale. Cars and Subs are almost like home on the road these days they will accommodate most of our needs according to which extras are included when the vehicle is ordered. Each of the many automotive companies must know what the other company is doing to sell the customer their product. So they make specific changes to a type of technology in there vehicle. These changes can be similar but different in regards to placement and nonviolence. On the other hand it maybe a new; innovation for this model vehicle. One of the newer advancements sold by automakers is the hands free phone system. This system is not exactly supported by the government according to a, web article from intranet magazine The Week. Loads crusade against testing while driving was bad enough, but this draconian ban is ridiculous. It wont make roads safer cell phone bans in three states didnt reduce accidents -? its just the latest intrusion by the federal government into a matter better left up to the states. Staff, 2010) However, many people who are responsible drivers would tell you that this feature is necessary. Having the ability to dial, answer and talk on your cell phone by voice control without using your hands is a welcome addition in this busy world of constant communication. Not having to hold the phone, dial and talk on it while driving is very safe for driv ers who understand the consequences. To push the point a little further as new, innovations make cars smarter they also demand that the driver be more, informed about how to use these improvements properly and safely. With any new product sold to the public trial and error will prove its reliability. If a new product or improvement to a specific car fails or causes the driver or its passenger to get hurt due to this failure. The rest of the automotive world will take note and take the necessary steps to change or repair the system that may be at fault if there, system works in the same fashion via the recall process. Once all of the changes are, made and the car is deemed, safe again. We may see a new automaker at the next years auto show featuring their new product with these improvements for this system.

How to Calculate Density - Worked Example Problem

How to Calculate Density Problem Density is the measurement of the amount of mass per unit of volume. In order to calculate density, you need to know the mass and volume of the item. The mass is usually the easy part while volume can be tricky. Simple shaped objects are usually given in homework problems such as using a cube, brick or sphere. The formula for density is: density mass/volume This example problem shows the steps needed to calculate the density of an object and a liquid when given the mass and volume. Key Takeaways: How to Calculate Density Density is how much matter is contained within a volume. A dense object weighs more than a less dense object that is the same size. An object less dense than water will float on it; one with greater density will sink.The density equation is density equals mass per unit volume or D M / V.The key to solving for density is to report the proper mass and volume units. If you are asked to give density in different units from the mass and volume, you will need to convert them. Question 1: What is the density of a cube of sugar weighing 11.2 grams measuring 2 cm on a side? Step 1: Find the mass and volume of the sugar cube. Mass 11.2 gramsVolume cube with 2 cm sides. Volume of a cube (length of side)3Volume (2 cm)3Volume 8 cm3 Step 2: Plug your variables into the density formula. density mass/volumedensity 11.2 grams/8 cm3density 1.4 grams/cm3 Answer 1: The sugar cube has a density of 1.4 grams/cm3. Question 2: A solution of water and salt contains 25 grams of salt in 250 mL of water. What is the density of the salt water? (Use density of water 1 g/mL) Step 1:  Find the mass and volume of the salt water. This time, there are two masses. The mass of the salt and the mass of the water are both needed to find the mass of the salt water. The mass of the salt is given, but the only the volume of water is given. Weve also been given the density of water, so we can calculate the mass of the water. densitywater masswater/volumewater solve for masswater, masswater densitywater ·volumewatermasswater 1 g/mL  · 250 mLmasswater 250 grams Now we have enough to find the mass of the salt water. masstotal masssalt masswatermasstotal 25 g 250 gmasstotal 275 g Volume of the salt water is 250 mL. Step 2: Plug your values into the density formula. density mass/volumedensity 275 g/250 mLdensity 1.1 g/mL Answer 2: The salt water has a density of 1.1 grams/mL. Finding Volume by Displacement If youre given a regular solid object, you can measure its dimensions and calculate its volume. Unfortunately, the volume of few objects in the real world can be measured this easily! Sometimes you need to calculate volume by displacement. How do you measure displacement? Say you have a metal toy soldier. You can tell it is heavy enough to sink in water, but you cant use a ruler to measure its dimensions. To measure the toys volume, fill a graduated cylinder about half way with water. Record the volume. Add the toy. Make sure to displace any air bubbles that may stick to it. Record the new volume measurement. The volume of the toy soldier is the final volume minus the initial volume. You can measure the mass of the (dry) toy and then calculate density. Tips for Density Calculations In some cases, the mass will be given to you. If not, youll need to obtain it yourself by weighing the object. When obtaining mass, be aware of how accurate and precise the measurement will be. The same goes for measuring volume. Obviously, youll get a more precise measurement using a graduated cylinder than using a beaker, however, you may not need such a close measurement. The significant figures reported in the density calculation are those of your least precise measurement. So, if your mass is 22 kg, reporting a volume measurement to the nearest microliter is unnecessary. Another important concept to keep in mind is whether your answer makes sense. If an object seems heavy for its size, it should have a high density value. How high? Keep in mind the density of water is about 1  g/cm ³. Objects less dense than this float in water, while those that are more dense sink in water. If an object sinks in water, your density value better be greater than 1! More Homework Help Need more examples of help with related problems? Worked Example Problems: Browse different types of chemistry problems.Density Worked Example Problem: Practice calculating density.Mass of Liquids From Density Example Problem: Use density to solve for mass of a liquid.

Mill and Rawls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Mill and Rawls - Essay Example The essay will compare and contrast accounts of justice in relation to John Rawls and John Mill. Rawls’s book attracted much attention than any other book published in the 20th century. Although the basic model used in constructing the theory seems simple, limitations associated with its scope in addition to the supporting arguments are complex. For instance, Rawls talks about an ideal theory for an orderly society though it has strict compliance. According to Rawls, this is of great help to the society since it helps criticize injustice in the society (Rawls 8). Due to this, Rawls goes ahead to provide principles that help criticize societal injustices. Rawls states that his main objective is coming up with a theory of justice, which will act as an alternative to utilitarian thoughts (Rawls 22). Due to this, not only does he present an alternative theory but also but also criticism that comes along with utilitarianism. The utilitarian theory presented by Rawls comprises of tw o principles; each person ought to have equal rights irrespective of their gender or race when it comes to matters of liberty. Second, both economic and social inequalities ought to be arranged in a manner that they are of benefit to everyone in addition to them being accessible to all (Rawls 60). Later on Rawls further restates the second principle by claiming that inequalities ought to be the greatest benefits especially at least advantaged persons. The basic liberties Rawls addresses in this theory are that citizens should not only have equal liberties but also political in addition to freedom of speech and owning property. Conversely, Mill believed in these liberties, this is because he also argued about them in his book, On Liberty. In my opinion, Mill’s account of justice is better than Rawls’.

The Story of an Hour vs A Rose for Emily Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Story of an Hour vs A Rose for Emily - Essay Example Jefferson stands to embrace a more commercial and contemporary future although it is remains perched on past events and circumstances. The past is especially reflected in the faded glory of the Grierson home and town cemetery where unknown soldiers who participated in the Civil War were long buried. Emily is deeply rooted in tradition remaining in the same position for many years despite the explicit changes in the community she is living in. Emily as a character is both a blessing and curse to her community. She is a blessing in that she represents the traditions of the people she wishes to honor and respect. On the other hand, she is a burden and cut from the rest of the world and nurses peculiarities that other people cannot understand as she acts outside common expectation. She lives in her own world that is timeless; she refuses the affixation of the metallic numbers to the side of her house when her town receives modern mail service. Jefferson highly regards the traditional notions of reputation and honor although the narrator criticizes the old men who gather for her funeral. Death is very eminent in the story; the narrator mentions the death of Emily at the beginning of the story (Faulkner 1). There is a clear description of Emily’s death and haunted life even as the community traditions are expressed in the wake of modern changes. The Emily fixture in the community paves way for slow death. She is compared to a drowned woman and she is referred to as having a small spare skeleton. Her charm and respectability declines over the years much like the Griersons’ outdated sensibilities. Emily’s point of view regarding death and changes in life is quite different from what the other members of the society believe. Emily attempts to deny the facts of death; her weird relationship to the dead bodies of the men she loved is exposed when her father dies. She does not admit the death of her father and she lives in denial of the truth. Her reaction to the

Week-7 Technology in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week-7 Technology in the Workplace - Essay Example It also has the capability of providing annotations of the evidence produced, for use by the jury, the trial judge/ magistrate, and the various counsels present. This is the main technology in use at the court rooms (Rowland, Uta and Andrew, 32). Within the offices, employees of the organization use Microsoft software’s to process the needed information. The soft wares in use are the Microsoft word, and this is in use mostly by clerks. Ms. Power Point is used by the managerial staff when they make presentations during seminars, and conferences. By looking at these technological applications in my organization, I can conclude that it is ahead of other institutions of justice in the use of technology. Though most of these organizations use Microsoft software’s, they are yet to develop the mobile evidence presentation system that has the capability of easing the manner in which evidence is produced at the court room. The court house has managed to train its employees on how to handle the technological inventions it uses. During orientations, new employees obtain guidelines on the functionalities of the various technological gadgets in use. Due to this orientation, I gained the knowledge and capability of using these gadgets, and therefore technology does not affect my performance. However, there are numerous ways that technology can hinder progress at the work place. They are (Rowland, Uta and Andrew, 21); 1. In ability to weigh between the opportunities, and the risks that the technology in use brings about. For instance, use of technological know-how such as power point presentations, requires adequate preparations, identification of main files, and thereafter loaded into the presentation software. This activity takes a lot of time, and this can be a factor in hindering the application of a technological know-how, in a court house. 2. There is also the problem of information overload. For instance, in using

Alternative Methods of Lactic Acid Production

Alternative Methods of Lactic Acid Production Lactic acid is a hydroxycarboxylic acid, which is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, leather, cosmetic and textile industries. It can be polymerized to biodegradable and biocompatible plastic, i.e. polylactic acid, which has environment-friendly and great potential for replacing petrochemical plastic. Industrially, it can be produced by either chemical synthesis or microbial fermentation. Presently, approximately 90% of lactic acid was produced by lactic acid bacteria fermentation. Fermentative production has the advantage that by choosing a strain of LA bacteria producing only one of the isomer and optically pure product. The widely used substrates for lactic acid production are pure sugar, which are expensive. It is also possible to use lignocellulosic biomass, especially by product or waste materials from agriculture and industrial waste as substrates for fermentation. Therefore, the use of alternative substrates, low-cost and raw materials become thus of special interest for la ctic acid production. The present study the utilization of industrial wastes and lignocellulosic as an alternative substrate for lactic acid production. Lactic acid Lactic acid (2-hydroxy propionic acid) is a chemical compound that a role in several biochemical processes. It is a carboxylic acid with a chemical formula of C3H6O3. Lactic acid is chiral and has two optical isomers as shown in figure 1. Lactic acid is organic solvent that can dissolve in water but insoluble in other organic solvents. Other properties of lactic acid are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Physical properties of lactic acid. Parameter Chemical formula C3H6O3 Molecular weight 90.08 Acidity (pKa) 3.85 Melting point L : 53  °C D : 53  °C D/L : 16.8  °C Boiling point 82  °C at 0.5 mm Hg 122  °C at 14 mm Hg Dissociation constant, Ka at 25  ° C 1.37 x 10-4 Heat of combustion, Hc 1361 KJ/mole Specific Heat, Cp at 20  ° C 190 J/mole/  °C Source: Vickroy (1985) Lactic acid can be produced by chemical synthesis or microbial fermentation. The chemical synthesis produced a racemic mixture of D, L lactic acid. Presently, about 90% of lactic acid made by LAB fermentation and the remainder is produced synthetically by the hydrolysis of lactonitrile. The advantage of fermentation technologies is possible to use renewable resources as substrates, such as starch and cellulose in fermentative production. In figure 2 described the diagram of commercial uses and applications of lactic acid. Food applications reported for approximately 85% of the total lactic acid, while the nonfood industrial applications reported for only 15% of the demand. Alternative substrate for lactic acid production In fermentation process, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) need carbon source, essentially simple sugars and nitrogen source, as vital nutrients for their growths. The widely used substrates for lactic acid production are refined sugar, which are expensive. Therefore, attention has turned towards lignocellulosic biomass and industrial wastes to provide a source of carbohydrate for lactic acid production. Lignocellulosic Lignocellulosic resources are generally considered to represent an interesting and inexpensive raw material for microbial fermentation of lactic acid production, as they are renewable and cheap. A schematic diagram of the procedures for the preparation of lignocellulosic hydrolyzates is provided in figure 3. Wee and Ryu (2009) reported the production of lactic acid from lignocellulosic, glucose and lignocellulosic hydrolyzates were used as the carbon source. The concentration of lactic acid decreases with increases in the dilution rate. Generally, the cell concentration obtained from lignocellulosic hydrolyzates media was approximately 10-15% lower than observed with glucose media. The lactic acid yields were provided at more than 0.90 gg-1 the result are shown in table 2. The lignocellulosic hydrolyzates have to be detoxified in order to reduce these inhibitory effects prior to fermentation, as some of the by-products released during the pretreatment (Mussatto and Roberto, 2004). Ruengruglikit and Hang (2003), reported the lactic acid production from lignocellulosic materials by R. oryzae. After an enzymatic hydrolysis and 48-h fermentation, lactic acid yields of 0.3 gg-1. Food wastes Food wastes, which are supplied at lower costs, high in moisture and rich in carbohydrates. They could be suitable alternative substrate for lactic acid production. The food wastes contain polysaccharides as well as various oligosaccharides. Ohkouchi and Inoue (2005) reported the production of lactic acid from food wastes. The composition of food wastes is shown in Table 3. The optimum pH for L (+)-lactic acid production by L. manihotivorans LMG 18011 was 5.0 and under these condition the L (+)-lactic acid was 19.5 g produced from 200 g food wastes Kim et al. (2003) determined lactic acid production from food wastes by simultaneous saccharification fermentation technical. The effect of food wastes concentration on lactic acid production as shown in figure 4. In figure 4, the highest yield was obtained from 65 g/L of food waste with a final lactic acid concentration of 44.3 g/L, while the highest lactic acid concentration of 79.7 g/L was obtained from 145 g/L of food waste. Pineapple waste Most of the work using starch, beet molasses and sugar cane as the fermentation media for lactic acid production. Recently, Uno (2003) used grape invertase to attractive the production of lactic acid utilizing pineapple syrup as substrate. The efficiency of lactic acid production has been an affect from various aspect and ability to use fruit waste. Idris and Suzana (2005) reported the liquid pineapple waste, it is feasible to use produce lactic acid by immobilized L. delbrueckii. The maximum lactic acid can be obtained when parameters initial pH of 6.5, temperature of 37  ° C and sodium alginate concentration at 2% with a bead diameter of 1 mm in diameter. The highest values of kinetic parameters are obtained at 37  ° C and initial pH 6.5 (Table 4 and Table 5). Recycled paper sludge Recycled paper sludge is an industrial waste has high polysaccharides (mainly cellulose) content. The conversion of polysaccharides on sludge to be broken down into the monomers and released sugars to be fermented to lactic acid. The methods for conversion of a polysaccharide into the monomer consist of enzymatic and acid hydrolysis. Marques et al. (2008) studied the utilization of recycled paper sludge as an alternative substrate for lactic acid product. The maximum production of lactic acid was produced 73 g/L of lactic acid, maximum productivity of 2.9 g/L/h, with 0.97 g LA per g of carbohydrates on initial substrate. The fermentative parameters concerned the lactic acid production of all the cultivations in this work are presented in table 6. Conclusions The widely used substrates for lactic acid production are refined sugar, which are expensive. It is also possible to use lignocellulosic biomass, especially by product or waste materials from agriculture and industrial waste as substrates for fermentation. Therefore, the use of alternative, low-cost and raw materials become thus of special interest for lactic acid production. The ability to utilize this industrial wastes and lignocellulosic as alternative carbon sources for lactic acid production will help reduce of environmental pollution problem and also reduce production costs. LITERATURE CITED Idris, A. and W. Suzana. 2006. Effect of sodium alginate concentration, bead diameter, initial pH and temperature on lactic acid production from pineapple waste using immobilized Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Process Biochem. 41: 1117-1123. Kim, K.I. , W.K. Kim, D.K. Seo, I.S. Yoo, E.K. Kim and H.H. Yoon. Production of lactic acid from food wastes Appl. Biochem. Biothnol. 101-108: 637-647. Marques, S. , J.A.L. Santos, F.M. Gà rio and J.C. Roseiro. 2008. Lactic acid production from recycled paper sludge by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Biochem. Eng. 41: 210-216. Mussatto, S.I. and I.C. Roberto. 2004. Alternatives for detoxification of diluted-acid lignocellulosic hydrolyzates for use in fermentative processes. Bioresour. Technol. 1-10. Nexant. 2008. Biotech Route to Lactic Acid/ Polylactic Acid. Available Source:  http://nexant.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0255-130_ITM Ohkouchi, Y. and Y. Inoue. 2006. Direct production of L(+)-lactic acid from starch and food wastes using Lactobacillus manihotivorans LMG18011. Bioresour. Technol. 97: 1554-1562. Ruengruglikit, C. and Y.D. Hang. 2003. L(+) lactic acid production from corncobs by Rhizopus oryzae NRRL-395. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 36: 573-575. Uno, T., Y. Ozawa, M. Ishikawa, K. Nakanishi and T. Kimura. 2003. Lactic acid production using two food processing wastes, canned pineapple syrup and grape invertase as substrate and enzyme. Biotechnol. Lett. 25: 573-577. VickRoy, T.B. 1985. Lactic acid, pp. 761-776. In: Blanch, H.W., S. Drew and D.I.C. Wang eds. Comprehensive Biotechnol. Vol. 3. Pergamon Press, Oxford. Wee, Y.J., J.N. Kim and H.W. Ryu. 2006. Biotechnological production of lactic acid  and its recent applications. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 44(2): 163-172. Wee, Y.J. and H.W. Ryu. 2009. Lactic acid production by Lactobacillus sp. RKY2 in a cell-recycle continuous fermentation using lignocellulosic hydrolyzates as inexpensive raw materials. Bioresource Technol. 100: 4262-4270.